Future in the Past

Like Simple Future, Future in the Past has two different forms in English: "would" and "was going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two different meanings.

They express future plans that were made in the past or to talk in the present time about predictions that were made in the past

FORM Would
[would + VERB]

Examples:
I knew you would help him.
I knew you would not help him.

FORM Was/Were Going To
[was/were + going to + VERB]

Examples:
I knew you were going to go to the party.
I knew you were not going to go to the party.

USE 1 Future in Past
Future in the Past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past follows the same basic rules as the Simple Future. "Would" is used to volunteer or promise, and "was going to" is used to plan. Moreover, both forms can be used to make predictions about the future.

Examples:
I told you he was going to come to the party. plan
I knew Julie would make dinner. voluntary action
Jane said Sam was going to bring his sister with him, but he came alone. plan
I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be a disaster. prediction
He promised he would send a postcard from Egypt. promise
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, Future in the Past cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of using Future in the Past, you must use Simple Past.

Examples:
I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for dinner. Not Correct
I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. Correct

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner. Active
I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally. Passive

taken from:

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureinpast.html

Future Perfect

The future perfect tense is only used in a few situations, but it's still good to know it. Here's how to make it.

The future perfect is made with the future simple of 'have' (will have) and the past participle. For regular past participles add 'ed' to the verb ('play' becomes 'played').

Here's the positive:
By six pm tonight: I will have finished this book. You will have studied the English tenses and
She will have cooked dinner

For the short form, we change will to 'll. But, when we are speaking, we also make 'have' shorter, so it sounds like I'll've finished (don't write this!).

I'll have finished this book
You'll have studied the English tenses
Here's the negative:

By next week,
I will not have finished this book. You will not have studied the English tenses. She will not have cooked dinner

Here's the short form.
I won't have finished this book
You won't have studied the English tenses
To make the question, just put 'will' before the subject:

'Yes / no' questions:
By next year,
Will I have finished writing this book?
Will you have studied all the English verb tenses?
Will she have graduated?
'Wh' questions:
When will I have finished writing this book?
Why will you have studied all the English verb tenses by tomorrow?
When will she have been here three weeks?

taken from:
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-perfect.html

Future Continuous (or Progressive)

Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing" and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Continuous with "Will"
[will be + present participle]

Examples:
You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?

FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "
[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]

Examples:
You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?

REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning.

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:
Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I will be in the process of eating dinner.

REMEMBER
In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.

USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:
I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

taken from:

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futurecontinuous.html

Simple Future

Future Perfect Progressive

Future Continuous (or Progressive)

The Future Continuous tense is often used in English as a way to talk about something happening at a given point in the future.


How do we make the Future Continuous Tense?

The structure of the Future Continuous tense is:

subject + auxiliary will + auxiliary be + main verb
                will                      be                    present participle (-ing)

FUNCTIONS

The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. The future continuous is used for quite a few different purposes.

1. The future continuous can be used to project ourselves into the future.

EXAMPLES
This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali.
By Christmas I will be skiing like a pro.
Just think, next Monday you will be working in your new job.

2. The future continuous can be used for predicting or guessing about future events.

EXAMPLES
He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect.
I guess you'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.
You'll be missing the sunshine once you're back in England.

3. In the interrogative form, the future continuous can be used to ask politely for information about the future.

EXAMPLES
Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?
Will Jim be coming with us?
Will she be going to the party tonight?
4. The future continuous can be used to refer to continuous events that we expect to happen in the future.

EXAMPLES
I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.
When he is in Australia he will be staying with friends.
I'll be eating with Jane this evening so I can tell her.
Contracted forms:
Look at these example sentences with the Future Continuous tense:

We often use contracted forms: 

She'll be cooking dinner by the time I'll get home.

We'll be working all night
In negative sentences we may contract with won't like this:
You won't be playing golf, will you?
They won't be using their car tomorrow.

How do we use the Future Continuous Tense?

The Future Continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will have started before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. For example:

Tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:

• past	present	future
  4pm
  		At 4pm, I will be in the middle of working.
  At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.

• When we use the Future Continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:
• I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.               
• 
  They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
• What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?

taken from: 

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_future-continuous.htm

Verbal Tenses Infographics

Verbal Tenses Infographics

Verbal Tenses Infographics

Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. This is, the past of the past.

Examples:

The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9:15am. When we arrived, the train had left.

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Hawaii.
I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.

note: sentences in blue are in Simple Past tense

Past Perfect Structure:

[subject +had + past participle]

Examples:
You had studied English before you moved to New York. (Affirmative sentence)
Had you studied English before you moved to New York? (Interrogative sentence)
You had not studied English before you moved to New York. (Negative sentence)

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	had		finished	my work.
+	You	had		stopped	before me.
-	She	had	not	gone	to school.
-	We	had	not	left.
?	Had	you		arrived?
?	Had	they		eaten	dinner?

Contraction of Past Perfect:
When we use the Past Perfect in speaking, we often contract the subject and the auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this in informal writing:

I had	→	I'd
you had		you'd
he had she had it had		he'd she'd it'd
we had		we'd
they had		they'd

Examples:

They'd gone home.

I'd eaten already.

In negative sentences, we may contract the auxiliary verb and "not":
I hadn't finished my meal.
Anthony hadn't had a day off for months.

taken from:

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_past-perfect.htm

Will vs. Be Going To

Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

Use
Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasize the duration or continuous course of an action.

Result or duration?
Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.	Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

Emphasis on completion or duration?
Do you want to emphasize the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
Emphasis on completion I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)	Emphasis on duration I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

Result or side effect?
Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
desired result I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)	unwanted side effect Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?
In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
since the last time I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.)	since the beginning I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

Permanent or temporary?
If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
permanent James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)	temporary James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

Form

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked	form of 'have' + been + verb + ing Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking he / she / it has been speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' : when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played	Exceptions when adding 'ing' : silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming aber: agree - agreeing after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

Will vs. Going To

4 Tables to Understand English Tenses Better

Taken from: http://languagelearningbase.com/1222/great-tables-to-understand-english-tenses

—We use Simple Present tense to talk about actions that happen or are repeated as part of a routine or schedule, for habits or scientific facts.

Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
The Earth circles the Sun every twelve months

Form:

The form of the verb changes on Simple Present for 3rd person singular (He/She/It)

Example: I/You/We/They work/watch/fly/do.
                He/She/It works/watches/flies/does.

Spelling rules for He/She/It

• Most verbs: add –s         live     lives             buy        buys 
• —Verbs ending in –s, -sh, -ch add –es.     miss       misses                  search               searches 
• —Verbs ending in a consonant followed by –y; change the –y to –ies.     study          studies 
• Verbs such as do, go, have are irregular.    do      does           go     goes               have       has

Simple Present vs. Present Progressive

What's the difference between the Present Simple / Present Progressive (or Continuous) and how to use them.
We use the present simple tense when we want to talk about fixed habits or routines – things that don’t change.

We use the present continuous to talk about actions which are happening at the present moment, but will soon finish.

Compare these two statements:
(present simple) I play tennis.
(present continuous/ progressive) I am playing tennis.

(present simple) ‘I play tennis’ tells us that playing tennis is something the speaker always does. It is part of a routine or habit. We can call this a permanent situation.

(present continuous/ progressive) ‘I am playing tennis’ tells us that the speaker is playing tennis right now. Soon the game will be over. We call this a temporary situation.

With the present simple we say:

I play tennis
You play tennis
We play tennis
They play tennis
He/she/ it plays tennis.

With the present continuous we say:

I am playing tennis
You are playing tennis
We are playing tennis
He/she/it is playing tennis

Frequency Adverbs we use with the Present Simple
With the present simple we use these frequency adverbs:
(Notice that the adverb comes before the main verb in the sentence.)

Always: ‘I always read before I go to bed.’
Often: ‘Her sister often comes shopping with us.’
Frequently:‘Michael frequently visits his family.’
Sometimes:‘You sometimes go to the gym, don’t you?’
Occasionally:‘It occasionally rains in summer.’
Seldom:‘They seldom ask for help.’
Rarely: ‘He rarely goes out without his backpack.’
Hardly ever:‘I hardly ever eat pizza.’
Never: ‘Japanese people never wear shoes inside.’

Time Expressions we use with the Present Continuous:
With the present continuous we use these time expressions:
(Notice that the time expression can come at the start or at the end of the sentence.)

At the moment: ‘I’m watching TV, at the moment.’
These days: ‘Paul’s living in Cardiff, these days.’
Now: ‘What are you doing, now?’
Nowadays: ‘I think you are smoking too much, nowadays.’

Present Progressive

We use the present progressive to talk about actions which are happening at the present moment, or around the time when we are speaking, but will soon finish.
we use the Present Progressive to express the idea that an action is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Example: I am playing tennis.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Affirmative sentences:

Subject + verb to be + main verb (-ing)

Ex.

I am teaching a class.

You are listening to the teacher.

She is writing a novel.

It is raining right now.

We are traveling to the U.S.

They are going to school.

How tyo make affirmative, negative or interrogative sentences:

Affirmative:  I am speaking to you.
Affirmative:  You are reading this.
Negative: She is not staying in London.
Negative: We are not playing football.
Questions: Is he watching TV?
Questions: Are they waiting for John?

Rules for adding -ing suiffix to the verb:

1) a verb ending in –e, drops the –e and add –ing.
ex.: cruise    cruising

2) a verb ending in –ie, change to –ying.
ex.: lie      lying

3) a 1 syllable verb ending in consonant-vowel-consonant, double the last consonant and add –ing.
ex.: swim     swimming    run   running

4) All other verbs just add –ing.
ex. Play    playing                  read     reading

Simple Past vs. Past Progressive

Past Progressive: 

Future Simple

Future Simple has two different forms in English: "will" and "going to“. Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "going to" refer to a specific time in the future.



“ Going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not. We use ”going to” to talk about plans decided before the moment of speaking. Future Simple with "going to" is formed in conjunction with the verb To Be + main verb in infinitive.
(Be + going to + verb in infinitive).

Be + Going to

Examples:

 ¨He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

¨She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.

¨A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?

 B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.

¨I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.

¨Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.

¨They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.

“Will” for Future Simple expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the future that cannot be influenced."Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us or for promises. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Use “Will” for:

a spontaneous decision:
example: Wait, I will help you.

an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future:
example: He will probably come back tomorrow.

a promise:
example: I will not watch TV tonight.

an action in the future that cannot be influenced:
example: It will rain tomorrow.

Use "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction.
¨Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Examples:
¨John Smith will be the next President.
¨John Smith is going to be the next President.
¨The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
¨The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy                                                                             Awards

IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning. It all depends on how "certain" the speaker is about the future prediction.

Simple Past

We  use  the Simple Past tense to  talk  about  actions  and  states  that

are completed and occurred in  a specific time in the past.

  

    We can use it to talk about a specific point in time in the past:

                She came back last Friday.

                 I saw her in the street yesterday.

   It can also be used to talk about a period of time in the past:

                 She lived in Tokyo for seven years.

                They were in London from Monday to Thursday of last week.

                When I was living in New York, I went to all the art exhibitions I could. 

Time expressions for Simple Past:      

  •  Yesterday

  • Three weeks ago

  • Last year, last Christmas

  •  In 2002, in 1979

  •  From March to June

  •  For a long time

  •  For 6 weeks

  •  In the 1980s

  •  In the last century

  •  In the past

We have to take into account two types of verbs: REGULAR and IRREGULAR.

 REGULAR - Rule                                                       IRREGULAR – List of verbs

You studied English                     AFFIRMATIVE          You went to the cinema.

You didn’t study English                NEGATIVE               You didn’t go to the cinema.

Did You study English?            INTERROGATIVE       Did You go to the cinema?

Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.          SHORT ANSWERS        Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.